Business Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business - Research Proposal Example This understanding will not only help in developing more sustainable strategies but will also facilitate in maintaining effectiveness throughout the business channel, ensuring greater degree of responsible attitude among the participants. In this study, a quantitative research approach has been proposed that would help in obtaining adequate and appropriate information in relation to consumer boycotts in the recent era and the factors contributing to the same. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Problem Statement 6 Research Objectives 7 Hypotheses 8 Rationale of the Study 9 Literature Review 10 Social Pressure 12 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Customer Attitude 12 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Brand Image 14 Motivation for Boycott Participation 15 Consequences of Consumer Boycotts 17 Research Design 18 Research Approach 18 Data Collection 19 Sampling 19 Ethical Issues 20 Measurement 20 Data Analysis Plan 21 References 22 Appendix: Questionnaire 25 Introduction Conceptually, boycotts are referred as particular techniques that can be used by stakeholders against those corporate entities those are responsible for executing unethical operations, inhibiting the interests of its internal or external stakeholder group. These techniques can be used by consumers or workers or any other stakeholder, having in interest in the company’s ethical performance (Murtagh & Lukehart, 2012). It is usually identified as a process on the basis of which, consumers decipher their voluntary and determined refusal or disapproval to buy, use or participate in any event of company on the grounds of unethical practices that may include fraudulent business, discriminatory practices, lack of transparency and integrity in the functioning or engagement of the company in illegal activities. Boycotts are significant when undertaken in groups as the strength tends to intensify with increased number of consumers willingly abandoning the product or serv ice. Boycotts are commonly executed by racial minorities, women’s rights activists, labour unions, religious groups and consumers. Commonly, boycotts are organised in groups with the intention to bind the corporate entities towards performing ethically sound functions and avoid or discontinue practicing malpractices and unethical tactics rendering due significance to customers’ interests. In this context, any consumer can be recognised as a boycotter (Murtagh & Lukehart, 2012). Boycotts are organised by dedicated as well as energetic activists who are willing to stand forward for any issue that is witnessed to be hampering the social, ethical and environmental factors of the region. Moreover, the reasons which are accountable for organising boycotts should be definite and accurate so that adequate supports as well as assistances are obtained from others activists. The objectives of boycotts should also be measurable, precise and realistic. In this regard, shareholder r esolutions are also identified to be an effective technique for influencing companies to change in accordance with the determined objectives of boycotts. It is worth mentioning in this context that shareholder resolutions are effective as shareholders can force the management of a company to change certain policies, which are inappropriate and unethical company as per the legal norms and thus, fail to work for the interest of the society at large. Furthermore,

Theme of Imprisonment Essay Example for Free

Theme of Imprisonment Essay Within the novel ‘Regeneration’ Pat Barker explores the theme of imprisonment and the feeling of ‘being trapped’ through the use of setting and the characters mentality. ‘Regeneration’ was written in 1991; however, Barker sets the novel in 1917, during the First World War. The setting for this novel is at Craiglockhart War hospital in Scotland and is mainly rooted to this one location. It is at Craiglockhart that Barker explores the theme of imprisonment. It’s not the characters which Barker uses to show imprisonment and feeling ‘trapped’. Barker uses the setting of Craiglockhart to expand the reader’s visual image of how the characters are trapped or imprisoned. Sassoon, in chapter five, makes a comparison between Craiglockhart and ‘dottyville’ by saying; ‘It makes dottyville almost bearable.’ Barker mostly uses the interior landscape of Craiglockhart to show that the characters are still trapped in the war. For example, the corridors are described with a powerful simile; ‘like a trench without a sky’. By using this description, it links the hospital and the front line together and this could perhaps make some patients worse under those conditions. The description could suggest that the corridors are worse than warfare trenches because there is no natural light above them but instead a dark and dingy room. The setting of Craiglockhart is still darkened even at the very beginning of the novel; ‘Nobody arriving at Craiglockhart for the first time could fail to be daunted by the sheer gloomy, cavernous bulk of the place.’ This allows the reader to get a first impression of Craiglockhart. Being in a place like Craiglockhart shows how soldier’s conditions deteriorated through society constrictions. Throughout ‘Regeneration’, Barker uses a theme of Imprisonment in the presentation of her characters. This is to show that although they are physically away from the war, within their minds they are still trapped within the warfare. The character of Burns is first brought to the reader’s attention in chapter two. He is described as a ‘thin yellow skinned man’. The colour ‘yellow’ being significant as to show illness and how close to death he is. who keeps violently throwing up due to a horrific war experience Barker has purposely twinned with Burns. ‘He’d been thrown into the air by the explosion of a shellwhat filled his nose and mouth was decomposing human flesh’ Here , Barker uses descriptive language to support her ideas about the true horror of war and what effects it may have upon the soldier. With Burns, he is still mentally trapped within that memory and the theme of imprisonment first becomes apparent in chapt er four with Burns conflict with the setting. Barker uses an extended metaphor when dealing with the bus journey and this give Barker an opportunity to use visual imagery. Barker creates the bus journey to be a very difficult time for Burns as everything he smells makes him want to be sick. Barker has made Burns character to feel trapped in cowardice and has a constant fear of judgement for not returning to the front line. However, it was the un-enlisted men who were deemed cowards during the early twentieth century. Later on in Chapter four, Burns removes his clothes and lies down next to the dead animals. For Burns, he feels like this is the right place and feels that while he lays next to the burdenless animals , he too has lost the burden of the war. Barker decided to make Burns psychological effects a lot worse and deeper than other characters. Barker has almost made this seem like a cry for help. Back in 1917, this sort of behaviour would have been deemed as ‘going mad’ and wasnt seen as the masculine behaviour men were expected to obtain. When Barker describes Burns ‘stumbling’ across the field, she uses personification when it says; ‘tensing himself against the wind that seemed to be trying to scrape him, a fiercer gust snatched his breath’. This could show that Burns is fighting a invisible barrier which keeps pushing him back and not letting him through and this connects with Burns fighting against his internal struggles against the war. . The character of Billy Prior is introduced to the reader as a mute. The way in which Barker has shown the theme of imprisonment through Priors is through the use of reoccurring nightmares. He wakes up in the middle of the night screaming which is when he regains his voice. Although he gets his voice back, the reoccurring nightmares how that a part of priors mind is still ‘trapped’ within the warfare. This could also show that Barker put across the point that nightmares to soldiers could represent how they are constantly reminded about the horrors of war, and they can never escape it. Barker shows that soldier’s uniforms are constraints to them and this is apparent throughout the novel. It may have been seen during the war that although a soldiers uniform would show honour and pride, a soldiers uniform could also secrete their true identity and dehumanises the soldier. Barker shows this especially in chapter in chapter four with Burns and the dead animals. By Burns taking off his clothes, it could mean that a little bit of the war has gone away for Burns and he feels relief for removing his uniform. Barker develops the theme of imprisonment and the feeling of ‘being trapped’ throughout ‘Regeneration’. Each Character has a different aspect of ‘being trapped’ within the war. Reoccurring Nightmares, speech impediments and other aids are used to give the true scale of how imprisoned Soldiers were during the War.

The Revenge of Iago in Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays Shakespeare

The Revenge of Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello In Shakespeare's "Othello," Iago carefully and masterfully entraps Othello into believing that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with Cassio. He does this through a series of suggestions and hesitations that entice and implant images into Othello's head that lead him to his own demise. More importantly, Iago gives Othello the motive to murder his own innocent wife Desdemona, satisfying Iago's immense appetite for revenge. The motive for Iago's devious plan is initially made clear in the first of three major soliloquies, in which he proclaims Othello has had an affair with his wife, Emilia: "And it is thought abroad that t'wixt my sheets/ He's done my office" (I.iii.381-383). The irony behind this line is where he continues: "I know not if't be true/ But I, for mere suspicion in that kind; / Will do as if for surety"(I.iii.383-385). Iago is so exceedingly paranoid and insane that he will go far as murdering, and deluding even a general into murdering his wife. Iago simultaneously conducts a devious plan to obtain Cassio's position as lieutenant, using Desdemona's prime weakness; her naivety. He disgraces Cassio by intoxicating him enough so he strikes Roderigo. Othello then discharges Cassio of his Lieutenancy when he says: "Cassio, I love thee,/ But nevermore be officer of mine" (II.iii.242-244). It was therefore understandable that he would fall to the mercy of Iago, completely oblivious to the inevitable effects. Iago reveals his plan to the reader in his third soliloquy when he states:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His soul is so unfettered to her love,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she may make, unmake, do what she list,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   even as her appetite shall play the god   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With his weak function...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And she for him pleads strongingly to the Moore,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I'll pour this pestilence into his ear:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she repels him for her body's lust,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And by how much she strives to do him good,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She shall undo her her credit with the Moor (II.iii.330-350). The first instance of this plan comes to life in the scene where Iago gets Cassio drunk, but the crafting only begins after Cassio is dismissed by Othello. With Cassio's reputation squandered, Iago subsequently hooks in Cassio by taking advantage of the fact that he is in a state in which he would do anything to acquire his job, position, and reputation back. The Revenge of Iago in Shakespeare's Othello :: Othello essays Shakespeare The Revenge of Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello In Shakespeare's "Othello," Iago carefully and masterfully entraps Othello into believing that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with Cassio. He does this through a series of suggestions and hesitations that entice and implant images into Othello's head that lead him to his own demise. More importantly, Iago gives Othello the motive to murder his own innocent wife Desdemona, satisfying Iago's immense appetite for revenge. The motive for Iago's devious plan is initially made clear in the first of three major soliloquies, in which he proclaims Othello has had an affair with his wife, Emilia: "And it is thought abroad that t'wixt my sheets/ He's done my office" (I.iii.381-383). The irony behind this line is where he continues: "I know not if't be true/ But I, for mere suspicion in that kind; / Will do as if for surety"(I.iii.383-385). Iago is so exceedingly paranoid and insane that he will go far as murdering, and deluding even a general into murdering his wife. Iago simultaneously conducts a devious plan to obtain Cassio's position as lieutenant, using Desdemona's prime weakness; her naivety. He disgraces Cassio by intoxicating him enough so he strikes Roderigo. Othello then discharges Cassio of his Lieutenancy when he says: "Cassio, I love thee,/ But nevermore be officer of mine" (II.iii.242-244). It was therefore understandable that he would fall to the mercy of Iago, completely oblivious to the inevitable effects. Iago reveals his plan to the reader in his third soliloquy when he states:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His soul is so unfettered to her love,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she may make, unmake, do what she list,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   even as her appetite shall play the god   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With his weak function...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And she for him pleads strongingly to the Moore,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I'll pour this pestilence into his ear:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she repels him for her body's lust,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And by how much she strives to do him good,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She shall undo her her credit with the Moor (II.iii.330-350). The first instance of this plan comes to life in the scene where Iago gets Cassio drunk, but the crafting only begins after Cassio is dismissed by Othello. With Cassio's reputation squandered, Iago subsequently hooks in Cassio by taking advantage of the fact that he is in a state in which he would do anything to acquire his job, position, and reputation back.

If girls should study separetly from boys Essay

This paper argues that single-sex public education brings more harms than benefits. The issue of single-sex public schooling in the U. S. has been in the centre of a heated debate recently. Some scholars and education practitioners argue that educating girls separately from boys results in healthier learning environment and psychological development of representatives of both genders. Along with presenting arguments and evidence in support of mixed gender education, this paper will also dismiss major theses put forward by the proponents of single-sex education. First of all, mixed gender education benefits both girls and boys since early encounter with persons of opposite sex helps children and teenagers shape healthier perceptions about gender roles and relations between genders. In the absence of information about representatives of different gender, various stereotypes and misperceptions develop. On the contrary, when boys and girls study together, they can observe peculiarities of male and female behavior and identity formation, thus learning to acknowledge and respect differences between genders. Secondly, single-sex education reinforces the notion that men and women are not fully equal as the participants of public life. If the differences between genders are regarded as too dramatic to educate boys and girls together, such approach presumes tat mean and women are too different to participate in other spheres of public life on equal grounds. However, the idea that has been consistently promoted throughout the 20th century was that women are also rational subject and are entitled to the same set of rights as men. Single sex education can thus be viewed as a step back in the historical development of our society. Thirdly, differences in learning styles are not necessarily an impediment to academic progress. Since boys and girls have different approach to educational process, coeducation can help to unleash the potential of the diversity of learning attitudes and experience. In such a way, ‘coeducation exposes all students to a range of male and female-oriented learning experiences. Importantly, boys and girls gain social maturity through valuable interactive play and shared learning’ (Ipswich Girls’ Grammar School, 2007, para. 2). The proponents of single sex schooling disagree with the aforementioned statement. They believe that differences in learning styles are best addressed when boys and girls study separately. Under such scenario, they argue, teachers can choose the most effective way of presenting the material and assessing students’ progress, since they have an opportunity to tailor their teaching manner to the needs of representatives of a particular gender. In support of their claim they cite evidence of better performance in single sex schools as compared with coeducational schools. In dismissing this evidence, two factors need to be taken into account. First of all, these studies measured only short-term impact on academic performance without paying due attention to the continuity and integrity of learning process. There may be fluctuations in performance indicators across districts, regions, and years. The proponents of single sex education fail to prove that educating girls separately from boys bring long-term academic benefits: As opposed to concurrent indicators of academic achievement, any positive effects of SS [single sex] schooling on longer-term indicators of academic achievement are not readily apparent’ (U. S. Department of Education, 2005, ‘Summary of Findings in Each Domain,’ ‘Long-term, quantifiable academic accomplishment’). On the contrary, differences in learning styles may sometimes lead to higher performance indicators as coeducation encourages representatives of both genders to study better. Since psychologically girls are more inclined to learning and academic environment, they set a certain level of achievement. Naturally, boys in the same classroom are pressured to live up to the standard: ‘While girls might set the benchmark in standards, once boys understand the required level, their competitive nature encourages them to strive for mastery, often leading to achievement levels beyond the benchmark’ (Ipswich Girls’ Grammar School, 2007, ‘Setting the bar’). As for the argument that single sex education raises self-esteem, especially in all-girls schools and classrooms, it can be contested, too. While short-term impact on self-esteem may be positive, long-term harms again outweigh all the perceived benefits. When boys and girls are educated separately, they get used to single sex environment and acquire social skills that helps them operate in such environment only. However, after graduation they are required to learn how to operate in mixed-gender environment, which can be stressful and diminish their chances to lead a full-fledged social life. In conclusion, it is necessary to say that the question of single sex v. coeducation should be further researched. It is one of the fundamental social policy debates that shape public life in our country – just like abortion, gun control, global warming, or euthanasia – and therefore it should be carefully considered and scrutinized before final decision on this issue is made.

Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Series

Introduction: The Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fibo-na-chee) in 1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly limitless. It has fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone who has worked with it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information about the series and how it works. Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of number theory, with more and more people being Yellow flower with 8 petals, a Fibonacci rawn into the complex subtleties of Number. Fibonacci's legacy. The first two numbers in the series are one and one. To obtain each number of the series, you simply add the two numbers that came before it. In other words, each number of the series is the sum of the two numbers preceding it. Note: Historically, some mathematicians have considered zero to be a Fibonacci number, placing it befor e the first 1 in the series. It is known as the zeroth Fibonacci number, and has no real practical merit. We will not consider zero to be a Fibonacci number in our discussion of the series. http://library. thinkquest. rg/27890/mainIndex. html Series: (0,) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55†¦ EXAMPLE IN NATURE Fibonacci Series–Activity 1 Using a piece of graph paper, draw a spiral using the Fibonacci series. Starting in the center of the page, draw a 1 X 1 square, next to it draw another 1 X 1 square, After, draw 2 X 2 squares touching the last two squares, Then continue to add on squares until the graph paper is filled. To finish the spiral draw arcs (quarter circles) in each square starting in the center and working outward. Do you notice any similarity to the spiral you have drawn and the image of the shell?Fibonacci Series–Activity 2 Take the Fibonacci sequence listed below and divide each pair of number and record the results in the table. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 combo results 1/1 2/1 3/2 5/3 8/5 13/8 21/13 34/21 55/34 89/55 What do you notice? This is called the golden ratio. (Phi is 1 ·61803398874†¦ ) This is another special number that appears in the world around us and (as you saw) is related to the Fibonacci series. Fibonacci Series–Activity 3 Each hand has how many digits? _______________ Each finger has how many bones? _______________ Each finger has how many joints between the just inger bones themselves? _______________ Each finger has how many finger nails? What pattern do you see? _______________ _______________________________ Now pick one finger Measure the length of each of the three segments; this is the easiest to do if the finger is bent. Longest _______________cm Medium _______________cm Shortest _______________cm Now divide the longest length by the medium length, what do you get? ________________ Now divide the medium length by the shortest length, what do you get this time? ___________ What i s the ratio? ____________________________________

Dont Be These 5 People at Your Holiday Office Party

Dont Be These 5 People at Your Holiday Office Party The annual office holiday party. Yearly bacchanal of the professionals. Wild, lavish Christmas parties may not be as common in the workplace as they were yesteryear, especially as many companies cut costs. However, odds are good that your employer will do something to acknowledge the season of Christmas/Hanukkah/Kwanzaa/solstice/New Year before everyone leaves for their respective plans. It may seem like an easy event (paaaartay, woo!), but the office party can be a minefield. Here are five cautionary people to keep in mind as you put on that reindeer sweater, sip on some eggnog and get ready to spread some holiday cheer with your colleagues.1. The Drinkervia [giphy.com]Not every holiday party has booze, but if yours does, this is the top area where things can go wrong- especially if there’s an open bar. Never, never forget that you’re at a work event with your colleagues, whether the party is happening in your office or at that cool bar down the street. Try to limit yo urself to one or two drinks. If you end up drinking too much and saying or doing something regrettable, you could find yourself branded for the next year in the office. You should definitely be having fun, but don’t let down your guard so much that you’re reliving your old-school partying days at the office gathering.2. The Food Snobvia [giphy.com]If you have caviar tastes but find yourself at a chips-and-dip party, don’t be the one complaining about the spread- especially if someone else is footing the bill. For many companies, economic realities make a holiday party entirely optional. There just might not be a budget for champagne and fois gras appetizers, so it’s better to embrace that you’re being fed on the company’s dime. This advice goes double if your office shindig is a potluck. Debbie’s festive Jell-O monstrosity might not be to your liking, but making fun of it on Facebook is not going to win you many fans.3. The Dancervia [giphy.com]The office party dance floor is not the time to debut the lambada you taught yourself by watching YouTube videos. It’s also another chance to be wary of how much you’re, uh, enjoying yourself (see #1), keeping in mind that everyone can see you. Also, they likely have smartphones and the wifi connection to put your killer dance moves on the internet. So keep it G-rated, and don’t treat it like an audition for So You Think You Can Dance.  4. The Inappropriate Fashionistavia [giphy.com]Sorry, but office dress code still applies at the office holiday party. I once had a colleague who would disappear into the ladies’ room for an hour before the holiday party, and emerge looking like she was ready for a night at the city’s best clubs- complete with invisibly short skirt and a very low-cut top. Everyone else was wearing the same business-casual outfits they normally wore, so it was definitely†¦ awkward. When choosing an outfit for the ho liday party, stick to clothes you would feel comfortable wearing any other day at work.5. The Monopolizervia [giphy.com]The holiday party is a great chance to talk to colleagues you don’t see often or strike up conversations with people who could be good additions to your network for next year. Try not to spend all your time with the same person. Even if you’re an introvert, the holiday party is a great excuse to be a little extra social- with food and drink to get you relaxed and chatting. So circulate! There’s no need to lock down one person for two hours’ worth of conversation.So yes, there are rules, but the most important one is still this one: have fun! You’ve had a long and productive year, and this is a chance to blow off steam with your coworkers. By paying a little extra attention to how you approach this social-professional hybrid event, you can celebrate with good cheer and go home knowing your name will be gossip-free when you all retu rn after the holidays.

Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Sample Essay on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA is an advanced research projects agency. This agency functions as a part of the Department of Defense for the United States. They are responsible for developing new technologies primarily for the use by the US military. It was under President Dwight D Eisenhower that the organization was created at the beginning of 1958. This organization was founded in order to research and develop projects which expanded what we knew of science and technology, something which was designed to go beyond our immediate military needs. The administration created the organization in response to the Soviet launching Sputnik, with the overarching goal of making sure the United States military would have more sophisticated technology than any potential enemies. In spite of the fact that the organization name has been changed multiple times the internal structure with this sole mission remains the same. As time has moved forward the projects overseen by this organization have changed their focus on hypersonic research, aerospace planes, and strategic computing programs. Interstellar travel has become the main point of discussions of more recent symposiums. This branch is independent from any other research associated with the military; rather than responding to the military chain of command it responds directly to the Department of Defense. As of right now, there are 240 personnel working for the entity and the budget is set at 3 billion dollars. Some of the projects funded by this organization have offered significant technological advances in things such as graphical user interfaces as well as computer networking. The branch has many program offices all of which report to the director. Each program office covers a different project area. There is the Information Office, the Micro Systems Technology Office, the Tactical Technology Office, the Strategic Technology Office, the Adaptive Execution Office, the Defense Sciences Office, and the Biological Technologies Office. Over the course of this nearly six decades long history, this organization has successfully completed many advanced research projects such as the wearable jetpack where soldiers could run at faster speeds, cancer research, a humanoid robots, technologies for the 6th generation jet fighters, anti-submarine warfare vessels, acoustic gunfire locators, combat zone surveillance cameras, reusable space transport, long-range anti-ship missiles, battery powered human exoskeletons, higher producing computer systems, lightweight autonomy, and ground technology. This of course is only a very limited list of all of the projects overseen by this organization. Overall, what was started as a response to a potential Soviet threat has quickly become one of the most relied upon organizations for any scientific and technological related developments. With the overarching goal of remaining technologically advanced in comparison to potential enemies, the United States military has been able to successfully complete a multitude of projects under the 3 billion dollar budget for this branch all of which have garnered a great deal of success and even those which were not necessarily successful themselves offered information and insight essential to pursue additional avenues. This organization is something President Dwight D Eisenhower would be really proud of. References: Belfiore, Michael P. The Department Of Mad Scientists. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books, 2009. Print. Buehler, Martin, Karl Iagnemma, and Sanjiv Singh. The DARPA Urban Challenge. Berlin: Springer, 2009. Print. DARPA Neural Network Study. Fairfax, Va., USA: AFCEA International Press, 1988. Print. Drezner, Jeffrey A, Geoffrey Sommer, and Robert S Leonard. Innovative Management In The DARPA High Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999. Print. Jacobsen, Annie. The Pentagons Brain. Print. Roland, Alex and Philip Shiman. Strategic Computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. Print. Rouff, Chris and Michael G Hinchey. Experience From The DARPA Urban Challenge. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012. Print.

Richter Surname Meaning and Family History

Richter Surname Meaning and Family History The Richter surname means one who was  Lords administrator of a village,  an occupational surname derived  from the Middle High German rihtà ¦re, meaning judge, in turn  derived from the Middle High German rihten, meaning to make right. This term was frequently used in eastern Germany, where the surname is still most common today, to indicate the head of a village, often a hereditary position.   RICHTER  is the 14th most common German surname. Surname Origin:  German, Czech Alternate Surname Spellings:  RYCHTR, RYCHTAR, RECTOR Famous People with the Surname Richter Charles Francis Richter -  American seismologist and physicist; inventor of the Richter magnitude scaleAdrian Ludwig Richter - German artistAugust Gottlieb Richter  - German surgeonBurton Richter - Nobel Prize-winning American physicistFranz Xaver Richter - Czech composerJeremias Benjamin Richter  - German chemist; developer of stoichiometry theoryJohan Richter  -  Norwegian-Swedish  engineer and industrialistGerhard Richter - German painter Where the Richter  Surname Is Most Common The Richter surname today is most prevalent in Germany, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears, where it ranks as the 12th  most common surname in the country. It is also fairly common in Austria, where it ranks 63rd. According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Richter is extremely common in northeastern Germany, especially in Sachsen, but also in Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt and Berlin.  Data from Verwandt.de agrees, indicating that the largest number of people with the Richter surname in Germany live in  Berlin, followed by Dresden, Leipzig, Hamburg, Munich, Chemnitz, Region Hannover, Elbe-Eister, Schsische Schweiz  and Freiberg. Genealogy Resources for the Surname RICHTER German Surnames - Meanings and Origins: Uncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to the origins of German surnames and the meanings of the top 50 most common  German surnames.How to Research German Ancestry: Learn how to trace your German roots back to the old country step by step, from locating your ancestors German hometown to accessing records in Germany.Richter  Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Richter  family crest or coat of arms for the Richter surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Richter  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Richter  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Richter query.FamilySearch - RICHTER  Genealogy: Explore over 11  milli on results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Richter surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. RICHTER  Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Richter  surname.DistantCousin.com - RICHTER  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Richter.GeneaNet - Richter  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Richter  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Richter  Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Richter  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

Tesco Company Structure and Leadership Assignment

Tesco Company Structure and Leadership - Assignment Example All these executive staff reports to the Group CEO and the Board of Directors. TESCO has very many executive positions a fact that reflects the group’s complex operations. Tesco is organized hierarchically with and its organizational structure takes the shape of a very tall pyramid. The Tesco could not have chosen a better leader that Philip Clarke to head the world second largest grocery chain in the competitive business environment. Clarke began his career at Tesco in 1974 and has developed his leadership skills in the Tesco management training programme (Tesco PLC 2014). His wide experience in Retail management is one of his greatest strengths as the CEO of Tesco. Since his appointment as the CEO in March 2011, Tesco revenue has grown substantially and the supermarket has overtaken Carrefour to occupy the position of world largest retail chain by revenue collection and profitability. Tesco offers its customers a range of products and services and has come with several new Store concepts in the UK and in other locations where it operates (Lowe and Wrigley 2009). Tesco today offers a cheap alternative and premium quality good in its own-label product range. Tesco’s finest line of food labels offers the best quality products at the highest level (Humby, Hunt and Phillips 2008). Tesco’s main revenue bases have been mainly food items but they have recently diversified into the non-food market. Recently, retail chains have realized that non-food items have higher profit margins than food items (Seth and Randall 2001). By 2004, Tesco was earning 20% of their sales revenue from non-food items (Humby, Hunt and Phillips 2008). Clothing is among the fastest growing Tesco revenue streams with Cherokee, Florence and Fred capturing more than 4 percent market shares in their first year of introduction (Ma, Ding and Hong 2010).

Carbon footprint estimate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon footprint estimate - Research Paper Example All these average to 8kwh per day in reference to the monthly bill of 240kwh. This translates to 2,880kwh per year, which is generated from coal. According to the Wright, Kemp and Williams (2011), coal, which is the source of electricity in this case, produces about 0.91 Kg of Carbon Dioxide per kWh. Home electricity use therefore contributes 2.62 tons of Carbon per year. Travelling is also a critical contributor to carbon emissions. I commute to and fro a total of 10 Km per day with a public bus that according to Reggiani and Schintler (2005) generates 60g of CO2 for one passenger per Kilometre. From this, perspective, I contribute 0.219tons of CO2 per year through daily commuting. Daily beef consumption is also an important indirect contributor of CO2 among other greenhouse gases emitted by the animals in to the atmosphere. The CO2 is mainly as a result of cultivation, processing and transportation of animal feeds. For example, Rohrer (2007) estimates the CO2 generated to produce 1kg of beef to be 13.3 kg and 0.95 kg for 1 litre of milk. Fruits and vegetables are estimated to contribute 0.7kg of CO2 per kg of food. The daily consumption of 0.5 kg of meat therefore adds up to 2.43 tons of CO2 per year while 0.5 litres per day will contribute 0.173tons of CO2 per year while consumption of 0.5 kg fruits and vegetables per day contributes 0.13 tons of CO2 annually. According to Goodall (2007), natural gas such as methane has been found to contribute 0.23 kg of CO2 per kWh of gas used. Gas has to be used daily for cooking and warming food and I use approximately 8 kWh per day. This translates to 2,928 kWh per year, meaning that 0.67 tons of CO2 are generated through culinary activities in my house, yet some foods such as bread are ready for consumption. Water usage in the house could have been a major contributor to CO2 if measures were not put in place to minimize the number of units used per day.

Charter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charter - Research Paper Example APEX brings together all business programs and units for efficiency in running the company as a whole. The Six Sigma Strategy is used by the company to improve its business operations. The improvement project as a whole aims at making sure that these best practices upheld by Raytheon function as they are supposed to for the general well-being of the company. The Program Management College is meant to provide training courses for the company managers and for other employees as well. Raytheon has always faced challenges in phasing out the start-up process of many of its running programs. To improve on this, it has established the Program Start-up process to ensure that every initiated program in the company has more than enough to see to it that it starts on a high note. The Program Management Forum aims at providing opportunities for managers to network and exchange ideas with managers of other companies on the best managerial skills. The management of the company has identified the existence of a gap in its business model whereby they report to the wrong people. This led to the creation of Program Structuring, Learning and Effectiveness to ensure more accountability on everybody’s part. This project is further based on a strong matrix model where reporting is done through integrated business models and cross business teams. These models are aimed at ensuring that the company is effective, efficient, and capable and utilizes its working capacity to the maximum. Raytheon has identified the need to improve its services and products. One of the major reasons for so doing is the rapid increase in the rate of competition for the services and products it offers. The company wants to become the best in the world of defense and information technology, hence the need to roll out a program that will help it to achieve this goal. The company has also established various goals that it wants to

Patton Lessons in Leadership by Alan Axelrod Essay

Patton Lessons in Leadership by Alan Axelrod - Essay Example The main focus of the said work is the collection of the knowledge and the lessons brought about by George S. Patton, one of the most successful military general in the US. The most significant of the said concepts is the application suggestions to the corporate America even in the absence of war (Axelrod, 2001). The ideas of George S. Patton can be considered innovative but unconventional for his time. Although this is the case, upon the study of the published work, a significant affirmation regarding the feasibility of the ideas can be considered as the driving force for the popularity of the presented concepts and ideas. The views of Patton covered an extensive variety of experiences he related to leadership in any form, specifically the needs of the present era (Axelrod, 2001). One of the most evident attributes of Patton is his confidence to execute his decisions and views, a character that can be considered to have an important role in his capability to achieve goals, act upon what he planned and motivate his people. When one observes a leader such as Patton, at some point, following his goals and views can be inevitable. This can be attributed to his achievements during his leadership. The different concepts in leadership based on Patton can be related to the leadership image, communication in the organization, setting up of priorities, teamwork, performance, loyalty and achievement. The ideas presented in the published work mainly revolve in the corresponding applications of the concepts and methods Patton applied in military leadership during the war and the needs of the corporate world in terms of leadership. One of the ideas is projected in the development and upholding of the image of the leader. According to Patton, to be able to achieve success as a leader, the image for the people to follow is one of the most important factors.

Follow the materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Follow the materials - Essay Example The two targeted audiences are the board of the school and the students. These audiences are different in several aspects (Longaker, 2011). The board is an official body that deals with the school management. This board is in charge of making decisions on matters concerning the school and student welfare. This board has the power to change laws within the school and should be approached with care, using all the writing ethics that are applied in official communication. The second audience consists of students. They are the ones affected by the school policies and laws. As mentioned in the letter to the board, the change in the fee structure will have a huge impact on the way the students function. This audience has no direct effect on the setting of school laws and policies. The final decisions do not lie in their hands, and they have to depend on the board to make important school decisions for them. The two audiences affect the way in which the communication decisions were made. The board implies the need of being official in the communication, bringing up the need to write an official letter. The message is effective because the board can be addressed as a single entity. This means that a single letter can be sent to the entire board instead of writing individual letters to Board members. It is also difficult to get the board to an interactive meeting as most of its members are difficult to reach. Hence, it is easier to write them a letter, which can be read to the entire board whenever they meet. The students, on the other hand, are available during school days and getting them into one sitting is easy. It is easier to communicate to them through mass presentations such as PowerPoint and website presentations. Thus, the decision to use a site presentation was driven by the fact that the students could be addressed quickly and informally. Using letters with them would require that multiple letters be written, one for each student. The letters are also

Outcome 2,8,11,12 and 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outcome 2,8,11,12 and 13 - Essay Example On examination, his pulse rate was 120 per minute and his blood pressure was 80/50mmHg. I immediately made a diagnosis of anaphylactic reaction and stopped the iron drip. I started oxygen and initiated plain saline drip. I gave 10ml per kg bolus. I then called the house officer who was appreciative of my immediate response to the reaction that saved the patient. Intravenous iron therapy is associated with risk of anaphylactic reactions that can be fatal. hence it is important to closely monitor any patient on intravenous iron therapy. The patient was worried and asked me as to what was the problem. I told him that he reacted to the drug that was administered to him. he then asked me as to what would be the other means of increasing his hemoglobin and I told him that the next option would be blood transfusion. Outcome 8 12 year old Annah, a known case of acute lymphatic leukemia was brought to the emergency department with complaints of fever. She has been on chemotherapy for the past 3 months. She has no other complaints except for feeling of weakness. On examination, her pulse rate was 120 per minute and the pulses were bounding. She was febrile and even respiratory rate was high. Her blood pressures were11/90mmHg. She appeared toxic. She also looked pale. Examination of the systems revelaaed no abnormality. I suspected neutropenia in this patient secondary to chemotherapy. I send blood samples for complete blood picture including neutrophil count, blood culture and urine culture. In view of rise in respiratory rate, I checked her saturations which were normal. I asked for an X-ray. The reports revealed neutropenia. I made a diagnosis of febrile neutropneia and called the oncologist who ordered to initiate broad spectrum anitbiotics ceftazidime and gentamycin, while awaiting culture results. The parents were worried and asked me about the cause of fever. I told them that due to cancer treatment, the defense mechanisms were lost which contributed to increased r isk of infections. It is very important for a nurse taking care of hematological cancer patients to be aware of the most significant and disastrous complication, febrile nuetropenia which needs admission and management in the hospital. Febrile neutropenia can lead to sepsis (Bedbie et al, 2000). If untreated, it can lead to severe sepsis and shock. Annah's parents were worried that she might go into shock. I understood the concerns of the patient and directed them to the physician's chamber to meet the physician who was more qualified to address the needs of the parents. Outcome 11 In our out-patient department, we often would encounter patients with iron deficiency anemia who would be started on oral iron supplements. Iron supplements are very nasty because they can cause many side effects like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and constipation, because of which compliance is very poor. There was one particular 55 year old gentle man who had persistent low hemoglobin levels despite iron therapy. Infact, we were planning to evaluate for other causes of hemoglobin when his wife told us that he was not taking his medication regularly because of side effects. I then told the patient into confidence and educated him about the important and benefits of iron therapy. I told him to take iron medication about one hour after meals to minimise side effects and also to have the best absorption possible. I told the patient to drink some orange juice after taking iron

Follow the materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Follow the materials - Essay Example The two targeted audiences are the board of the school and the students. These audiences are different in several aspects (Longaker, 2011). The board is an official body that deals with the school management. This board is in charge of making decisions on matters concerning the school and student welfare. This board has the power to change laws within the school and should be approached with care, using all the writing ethics that are applied in official communication. The second audience consists of students. They are the ones affected by the school policies and laws. As mentioned in the letter to the board, the change in the fee structure will have a huge impact on the way the students function. This audience has no direct effect on the setting of school laws and policies. The final decisions do not lie in their hands, and they have to depend on the board to make important school decisions for them. The two audiences affect the way in which the communication decisions were made. The board implies the need of being official in the communication, bringing up the need to write an official letter. The message is effective because the board can be addressed as a single entity. This means that a single letter can be sent to the entire board instead of writing individual letters to Board members. It is also difficult to get the board to an interactive meeting as most of its members are difficult to reach. Hence, it is easier to write them a letter, which can be read to the entire board whenever they meet. The students, on the other hand, are available during school days and getting them into one sitting is easy. It is easier to communicate to them through mass presentations such as PowerPoint and website presentations. Thus, the decision to use a site presentation was driven by the fact that the students could be addressed quickly and informally. Using letters with them would require that multiple letters be written, one for each student. The letters are also

Images of Millay's emotional state in What lips My Lips Have Kissed Essay

Images of Millay's emotional state in What lips My Lips Have Kissed - Essay Example Upon reflecting on her past love affairs, there were some images that helped her convey her emotional state. Specifically in line three and four stated that â€Å"Under my head till morning; but the rain (line 3) Is full of ghosts tonight that tap and sigh (line 4)† suggests that the speaker had to spend the rest of the evening without the presence of a loving mad. Line seven and eight stated that â€Å"For unremembered lads that not again (line 7); Will turn to me at midnight with a cry (line 8)† expresses the idea that the speaker had for several times experienced crying because of misunderstanding with a man. The reason why she feels the way she does is because of her past recent summer relationship which has ended for no reason at all. In line with this, the speaker’s recent summer relationship was clearly indicated in line thirteen and fourteen of the poem stating that â€Å"I only know that summer sang in me (line 13); A little while, that in me sings no more (line 14)†. Although the speaker does not clearly reflect any forms of bitterness or regrets, line six of the poem which stated that â€Å"And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain† suggests that the speaker is emotionally hurt was because of the last summer love she had with a man. All this made her think about her past relationships that never worked the way she

Organisational Business Practices Essay Example for Free

Organisational Business Practices Essay Organization is a principle of life. We seek the help of organizations to meet our day to day requirements such as to feeding, clothing, educating entertaining, protecting etc. However, organizations are not contemporary creations. Modern society has more organizations which are fulfilling a larger category of societal and personal needs. Organizations are so encompassing in the modern life that it is sometimes easy to overlook that each may be regarded as an entity with a specific contribution and specific goals. Organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons in order to achieve a common goal. It is a system of four major internal interacting components such as: task, people, technology and structure. Organizations are said to be open systems. A number of metaphors can be used to think and explain about the nature of organization. There are eight archetypical metaphors of organization: Machines, Organisms, Brains, Cultures, Political Systems, Psychic Prisons, Flux and Transformation, Instruments of Domination. General Discussion Document: Director of Marketing is proposing to introduce a new process of sales at Superior Sales Corporation for which there will be changes as per the present set up. Staff are likely to resist the change hence some suggestions are placed to reduce the resistance. Organization Structure: Functional superiority can only be achieved if there is enough reliability and focus within each business unit. Elites are those specialized organizational units with closeness to power and having superior capability. Their functions signify a particular organization’s typical capability. It is, important that more than one such elite function exist. They need to be complementary so as to make sure that they serve as a check on another. Pluralist are those essential forces that play a important role in decision making. The tension that is created amongst these forces stimulates thoughts and lead to self-improvement and competitiveness, Elite functions bring main strengths to an organization, but must assist with the whole to attain shared results. The stronger and more competent the elites are, the more difficult it is to achieve cross-functional teamwork. The organization’s challenge is therefore to ensure that these functions are on a par with that of competition, but at the same time they need to ensure that they respond to market demands by cutting across these functional compartments. Organization Cultures: Organizations are mini-societies that have their own distinctive patterns of culture. Culture is a modern concept used in a social sense to refer broadly to civilization and social system. Its increasing use within the social sciences has led to definitions of varying generality, which develop in a host of ways. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. There is a growing literature of relevance how organization can be understood as a cultural phenomenon. It is valuable to understand the relationship between culture and industrialization. The greatest strength of this metaphor is that it shows how organizations rests in shared systems of meaning, values, ideologies, beliefs and other social practices that ultimately shape and guide organized action. Reactive and Proactive Changes: Forces for change arise out of an organization’s interaction with elements in its external or internal environment. The action of competitors, suppliers, government units or public groups may have substantial impacts on change. Social and cultural factors such as life styles, values or beliefs also lead to important changes. Forces of change may also arise from within an organization depending upon different phases of growth or demands made by different interest groups. Reactive changes occur when these forces make it necessary for a change to be implemented. Proactive change takes place when some forces to change lead an organization to conclude that a particular change is desirable and goes about in initiating the change in a planned manner. The difference between reactive and proactive changes corresponds to that between reflexive behavior and purposive behavior. Reactive change, like reflexive behavior, involves a limited part of the system whereas proactive change and purposive behavior coordinate the parts of the system as a whole. Organizational change has noted that many participants respond with dogged resistance to altering the status quo. In the industrial phenomenon workers have at times sought, in extremely violent fashion, to block the introduction of new technology. Supervisors and lower level managers have balked at large scale projects in job redesign and job enrichment; even low level employees, the presumed beneficiaries of such projects, have fought such changes. Senior managers have fought pitched battles against realignment of corporate structure. Even the proposal by a course coordinator to adopt a different style of presenting the report is capable of touching off a frenzy of defensive tactics to resist change. Such behavior may be either overt or covert. Overt resistance may take the form of employees deliberately failing to do the things necessary for successful change or simply being unenthusiastic about the change. The absence of overt resistance does not mean that resistance is not present, as resistance may be hidden from direct observation. Covert resistance can be more detrimental to change than open resistance because it is harder to identify and eliminate. There are at least two sets of factors which explain the process of resistance. One set relates to the personality and the other relates to the social system. Decreasing the Resistance: Managers who have been responsible for implementation have developed personal perspective consisting of assumption and strong feelings about how change should be introduced. These philosophies fall into two camps, either tops-down or bottoms-up. The Tops-down Strategy: The advocates of this strategy believe that, in general, people resist changes and require direction and structure for their well being as well as to work efficiently and effectively. The basic psychological contract between employees and management, it is assumed, is one in which the employee provides work, effort and commitment and expects in return pay, benefits, and a clear definition of what is expected to be done. It follows that it is the management’s responsibility to design the changes it deems appropriate and to implement these thoroughly but quickly by directives from the top. The Bottoms-up Strategy The advocates of this approach profess what to them is a more enlightened view of human nature. They argue that people welcome change and the opportunity to contribute to their own productivity, especially if the change gives them more variety in their work and more autonomy. These managers assume people have a psychological contract which includes an expectation that they be involved in designing change as well as in implementing it. Commitment to change, they say, follows from involvement in the total change process and is essential to successful implementation.

Herman Melville: An Anti- Transcendentalist or Not? :: Essays Papers

Herman Melville: An Anti- Transcendentalist or Not? Melville, Herman (1819-91), American novelist, a major literary figure whose exploration of psychological and metaphysical themes foreshadowed 20th-century literary concerns but whose works remained in obscurity until the 1920s, when his genius was finally recognized. Melville was born August 1, 1819, in New York City, into a family that had declined in the world. The Gansevoorts were solid, stable, eminent, prosperous people; the (Herman's Father's side) Melvilles were somewhat less successful materially, possessing an unpredictable. erratic, mercurial strain. (Edinger 6). This difference between the Melville's and Gansevoorts was the beginning of the trouble for the Melville family. Herman's mother tried to work her way up the social ladder by moving into bigger and better homes. While borrowing money from the bank, her husband was spending more than he was earning. It is my conclusion that Maria Melville never committed herself emotionally to her husband, but remained primarily at tached to the well off Gansevoort family. (Humford 23) Allan Melville was also attached financially to the Gansevoorts for support. There is a lot of evidence concerning Melville's relation to his mother Maria Melville. Apparently the older son Gansevoort who carried the mother's maiden name was distinctly her favorite. (Edinger 7) This was a sense of alienation the Herman Melville felt from his mother. This was one of the first symbolists to the Biblical Ishamel. In 1837 he shipped to Liverpool as a cabin boy. Upon returning to the U.S. he taught school and then sailed for the South Seas in 1841 on the whaler Acushnet. After an 18 month voyage he deserted the ship in the Marquesas Islands and with a companion lived for a month among the natives, who were cannibals. He escaped aboard an Australian trader, leaving it at Papeete, Tahiti, where he was imprisoned temporarily. He worked as a field laborer and then shipped to Honolulu, Hawaii, where in 1843 he enlisted as a seaman on the U.S. Navy frigate United States. After his discharge in 1844 he began to create novels out of his experiences and to take part in the literary life of Boston and New York City. Melville's first five novels all achieved quick popularity. Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846), Omoo, a Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), and Mardi (1849) were romances of the South Sea islands. Redburn, His First Voyage (1849) was based on his own first trip to sea, and White-Jacket, or the World in a Man-of-War (1850) fictionalized his experiences in the navy.

General Motors Asian Alliances :: Market Global Essays

General Motors' Asian Alliances General Motors, an American-based automotive manufacturer with a large global presence, has long held a large share of the worldwide automotive market. Despite its market position and reputation for quality, the company has recently begun to struggle with new competitors in the Asian Pacific region, which has pushed their needs to develop new manufacturing technologies, as well as to better control costs and quality in its American manufacturing facilities. Beginning in the 1970s, several nations of the Asian Pacific region, most notably Japan and South Korea, emerged as economic powerhouses. As their manufacturing bases matured, they entered the automotive industry and began to present new challenges as well as new opportunities for General Motors. GM would need to find a successful formula for doing business in this region, as well as develop and adopt innovations that would help it improve its manufacturing operations elsewhere. In this Case Study, we will examine the facts, the problems, identify the core problems in how General Motors has managed its business alliances in with Asian partner companies, and offer our recommendations how General Motors can best master the challenges of doing business in the East and fully benefit from its joint ventures. I. THE FACTS Toyota and NUMMI: In Japan, Toyota was the heavyweight of the automotive industry, controlling over fifty percent of the entire Japanese auto market, and eight percent of the total world market, making it the world’s third largest automotive manufacturer, behind only Ford and General Motors. Toyota presided over a tight confederation of companies, known as a keiretsu where a major manufacturer, such as Toyota, presides over a â€Å"pyramid† with the primary manufacturer on top, and several tiers of suppliers below. Unlike General Motors, who held seventy percent vertical integration with its global network of partnerships, alliances, and joint ventures, Toyota only had thirty percent vertical integration in its affiliations, but still managed to have many long-lasting and stable partnerships with its suppliers. Keiretsus were vast and closely-allied corporate partnerships which evolved from the pre-World War II zaibatsus, giant industrial conglomerates that dominated the nation’s pre-war economy and politics, but were broken up during by the post-war United States-run Occupation authority. These networks were bound by complex and long-lasting arrangements, often minority equity ownership by the company at the top of the keiretsu.

Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale Essay

Figurative language was used by Margaret Atwood, through the persona of Offred, to illustrate The Handmaid’s Tale. Figurative Language consists of similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration, onomatopoeia, hyperbole and idioms. First, figurative language can be used to describe different settings. 1. Offred’s experience at night in her bedroom â€Å"The heat at night is worse than the heat in daytime. Even with the fan on, nothing moves, and the walls store up warmth, give it out like a used oven. Surely it will rain soon. Why do I want it? It will only mean more dampness. There’s lightning far away but no thunder. Looking out the window I can see it, a glimmer, like the phosphorescence you get in stirred seawater, behind the sky, which is overcast and too low and a dull gray infrared. The searchlights are off, which is not usual. A power failure. Or else Serena Joy has arranged it.† (Pg. 243) * Similes * Described the environment * Room: Glimmer in the window, like stirred seawater * Heat: Used oven * Weather: Lightning but no thunder 2. Offred describing the Particicution of a man convicted of rape â€Å"There’s a surge forward, like a crowd at a rock concert in the former time, when the doors opened, that urgency coming like a wave through us. The air is bright with adrenaline, we are permitted anything and this is freedom, in my body also, I’m reeling, red spreads everywhere, but before that tide of cloth and bodies hits him Ofglen is shoving through the women in front of us, propelling herself with her elbows, left, right, and running towards him†¦A high scream comes from somewhere, like a horse in terror.† (Pg. 262-263) * Simile and metaphor * Ofglen kicked his head several times and later explained to Offred that the man was part of the underground rebellion, so she wanted to put him out of his misery quickly

Why did the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960’s?

The following will examine why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's. The difficulties that the civil rights movement experienced included violence, hard to solve problems, failure in Chicago and different organisations fighting. In this essay I will be discussing how these complications run into difficulties in the 1960's. The first cause for the difficulties was that president Jonson ignored a report. The report that he did ignore was the cornel report. The government had to act due to the riots. So president Johnson starts an enquiry, the enquiry finished in 1967 which was called the cornel report. The conclusion of the report was the reasons for the violence are because of the social and economic problems which occurred in the ghettos. This requires money to solve problems, which means the government has to intervene. However president Johnson ignored the report, this caused violence to increase. The reason why he chose to ignore the report was due to the fact that the elections where taking place and so he wanted the white citizens vote, furthermore if he is seen as being of assistance to the black citizens then he will be considered as a communist which will cause him to lose more votes. To summarise why the civil rights movements run into difficulties in the 1960's was because the president ignored the report as he was only thinking about himself, this can be portrayed as being self absorbed and due to this it resulted in additional violence. I think that this is quite important because it displays the president's selfishness. The second cause of these difficulties was that the government took money for the Vietnam war. This money was taken from the ghettos which was meant to be used to assist deprived African Americans but later the president decided to use it to invest guns, tanks, food, bombs ect which where required for the war. The relationship between Martin Luther King and the government begun to lead to a disappointing out come. Their relationship conducted to this consequence due to the fact that Martin Luther King begun to get increasingly angry as black Americans where not getting the assistance which was required, therefore he felt as though he had to say something to President Johnson but Martin Luther King was in dichotomy as he did want to tell the president that only when a war is taking place, Black Americans are considered equal but in reality they are not equal also there is no reason for America to get involved in the war so why is the government using the money that can be used to help poor African Americans in the ghettos. On the other hand he didn't want to criticise the government because Martin Luther King believed that no further action or change will occur if he treats the government in this manner. In April 1967, Martin Luther King launched a scaling attack on President Johnson where he crucified him verbally by saying that the war was uncivilised; it took money away from where it was essential in addition black Americans cannot be considered equal when the government wants them to be equal. The presidents reaction to this was to make sure that no further assistance is given to Martin Luther King due to the criticism and the money went to the war and not the ghettos. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's was due to the fact that the Vietnam war required money and the only place where money could have been obtained was from the ghettos which was supposedly meant to help underprivileged African Americans, however Martin Luther King disliked this idea therefore he criticised the president and due to this disapproval, the president decided not to allow any further change. I think that this is more important than the president ignoring the report, as it displays that one cause of the difficulties was because the president got criticised and therefore he did not want to give any additional assistance for the future. The third cause was that the black citizens rejected Martin Luther King in the North. This was because he didn't understand that people are not concerned with formal desegregation or right to vote. They were concerned with social and economic problems which displayed no signs of preventions. In addition the people knew little about Martin Luther King's exploits and achievements in the South. They didn't share his Christian outlook and where less religious than he is also they where less convinced with the idea of a non-violent protest. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's was because people in the North have not heard about Martin Luther King, they didn't understand what he has managed to achieve in the South. They only knew that changes happened in the South due to crisis being occurred, which where displayed in the media. The media did not demonstrate that Martin Luther King had caused these crisis to arise so that action will take place and therefore this lead to the rejection of Martin Luther King in the North. I think that this is very important than the government taking money from the ghettos because it shows that Martin Luther King was prepared to make change occur but the Northerners rejected him. The fourth cause was Martin Luther King's incorrect tactics in Chicago. In January 1966 Martin Luther King took his strategies of non violence to the north to try to address the problem of segregation. Chicago was selected as the target. There were major problems to overcome in making this conversion from the south to the north. Martin Luther King had not fully thought through the tactics he intended to utilize and Richard Daley, the Mayor of Chicago, was unlikely to react to demonstrations in the same way as Connor or Clark. The divisions between the SCLC and the local Chicago activists made organisation complicated. The demonstrators entered an all White area called Marquet Park, they were faced by racist abuse and cruelty. In the face of the disturbances, Daley made vague commitments to promoting integrated housing, but the reality was that little changed in Chicago. In the aftermath of his failure in Chicago, Martin Luther King turned in other directions. His concerns became increasingly focused on the economic plight of the poor of all races and at the time of his death in 1968 he was planning a â€Å"Poor People's March†. in the meantime, the civil rights movement had moved in new and different directions. Due to all the chaos caused, Martin Luther King was portrayed as a nazi and communist. He believed that even though there wasn't a positive outcome, he managed to gain moral high ground however he didn't understand that even this was not achieved as the citizens of the north where not going to stay quite. To summarise the reason why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in 1960's was due to the fact that Martin Luther King did not understand the social and economic problems in the north he only believed that racism was present and because of this the social and economic problems had taken place, but this was not the reason, the reason why there where social and economic problems was because of the poverty trap which had prevented the African Americans from getting a well paid job that can support them as well as their families. I think that this reason is more important than the previous factor because it illustrates that the citizens in the north had rejected Martin Luther King as they didn't understand who he was and therefore moral high ground was not obtained which lead to the chaos created in Chicago. The final cause of the difficulties was the rise of black power. There had been divisions in the civil rights movement since its inception. These gained in pace in the mid-1960's. the ideas of Black Power did not form a coherent ideology in the same way as Martin Luther king's ideas of non violence. Martin Luther King's tactics had been a valid strategy in the context of the legal racism of the south and had operated to undermine the discrimination. It had been clear from the events in Chicago that these methods were not relevant to the problems of discrimination in the north. Therefore, northern black Americans were looking for ideas that were appropriate to their position and Black Power seemed to offer answers to their social, economic and political problems. Many of the ideas Black power were derived from the teachings of Malcolm X. e had been involved in pretty much a lot of crime as a young man, but whilst in jail he had converted to Islam, changed his name from Malcolm Little and had become a member of the Nation if Islam. He was an inspirational speaker and his ideas included the following elements: a belief that blacks should distance themselves from white society and not attempt the integration advocated by Martin Luther King and his followers. He believed that blacks should develop their own organisations and self-help completely separate from those of white society. These ideas of segregation were derived from Marcus Garvey whom Malcolm X's parents had admired. A belief that non-violence in the face of white aggression was not an appropriate response. He argued that when blacks were faced with white oppression then armed self-defence was permissible. However, although he preached this position, he himself never directly engaged in violence, which was led to come debate as to whether he was merely using the language of violence to achieve concessions from the authorities. In 1964 Malcolm X parted from the Nation of Islam and was assassinated the following year by members of the Nation of Islam. In 1966, James Meredith decided to march from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi in an attempt to encourage voter registration under the new Voting Rights Act. Meredith was shot by an unknown assailant and unable to continue the march. A number of black organisations decided to complete the march. These included SCLC, SNCC, CORE, NAACP and the National Urban League. Events reinforced the divisions between these various groups: NAACP and the National Urban League did not participate because of disagreements with the SNCC. Other divisions also emerged between the SCLC and SNCC and CORE. A month before the Meredith March, Stokeley Carmichael had become the new leader of SNCC. Under his leadership, SNCC was to become increasingly radical. As the March made its way through Tennessee and Mississippi, two rivals sets of slogans begun to be chanted. Followers of the SCLC maintained their call from â€Å"Freedom Now†, but increasingly, the shout of â€Å"Black Power† could be heard from the SNCC and CORE supporters. There Meredith March therefore marked a shift from the non-violent tactics of Martin Luther King to a more radical phase of action. To summarise why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's was due to Black Power because they where seen as an influential organisation that was able to obtain requirements for equal rights by using violence. The use of the violence inflicted an assortment of riots and chaos in the towns which resulted the civil rights movement into a failure. I think that this is the most important cause and that it is more important than Martin Luther King's incorrect tactics because due to the Black Power Martin Luther King's march in Chicago was seen useless as the black Americans believed that their rights cannot be attained by the use of non violence so therefore they turned to violent actions which showed that they can get what ever want by using violence. In conclusion, the reason why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's was due to various factors. These factors included president Johnson ignoring reports because he wanted the white Americans to vote for him and if he was seen assisting the African Americans then he will be considered as a communist this will result in him gaining less votes; lack of government action was the second factor, as the government used the money for the Vietnam war that was preliminary meant to be used for the ghettos. Martin Luther King disliked this idea and therefore criticised the president, and then the president came to the decision of not assisting the black Americans again because he got criticised due to his actions; the third factor was that the black northerners rejected Martin Luther King and they did not follow his idea of moral high ground which lead to violent in the towns; Martin Luther King's incorrect tactics in Chicago was the fourth factor, as he didn't understand that the poverty trap caused the social and economic problems and not due to racism and the final cause was Black Power, as Malcolm X said that you have to fight for what you want. Malcolm X didn't exactly say that violence will obtain what is required but this implies that by the use of violence you can get what you want. All these factors display why the civil rights movement run into difficulties in the 1960's it also gives the historian additional information about the influential figures of 1960's America.

Police Administration Essay

Since the early part of the twentieth century, academicians and criminal justice practitioners have debated whether police officers should be required to have a college education as a minimum qualification to be hired. Today, there is general agreement that a college education will not necessarily make a person a good police officer, but a good police officer can be made better by having one. Many police executives believe formal college education can improve critical thinking skills of officers and that is becoming a more important factor as the complexity of police work continues to increase.1 According to a recent article in Police Chief Magazine â€Å"We expect (police officers) to understand and apply the law evenly. We expect them to grasp the nature of social problems and the psychology of people with different attitudes toward the law. We expect officers to professionally and effectively handle disputes involving people from varying cultural, racial and socioeconomic backgro unds.† 2 The importance of possessing a college degree by police officers seems to have substantial support in the literature. If the need or desire is established for the possession of a college degree by police officers, then how do they get one? Traditionally, a college program involved students attending classes at a â€Å"brick and mortar† campus. This was difficult for many officers that already had substantial work and family commitments. With the advent of online (internet delivered) college programs, it is possible for officers to enter or return to college and pursue a degree where previously it may not have been practical for them to do so. With that being said, does an online program sufficiently address the desirable attributes for police officers that the possession of a college degree represents? Historical Perspective for College Educated Police In 1916, August Vollmer, the former Chief of Police of Berkeley, California, was the first to emphasize the need for police officers to have college  degrees. At about the same time, the University of California at Berkeley began to offer law enforcement related courses.3 In 1931, The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (the Wickersham Commission) gave â€Å"national recognition for higher educational standards and more professional police officers.†4 Although the issue of college education for police officers was not specifically addressed, it laid the foundation for subsequent calls to increase educational levels for police. Largely due to Vollmer’s influence, the University of California at Berkeley created a School of Police Administration in 1933, followed shortly thereafter by a similar school at Michigan State University.5 In 1936, Vollmer wrote in his book, The Police in Modern Society, that police officers should be required to have a colleg e education.6 In 1967, the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice made specific recommendations regarding increasing the level of police education. This report was followed by the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, which established the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP). LEEP, in part, provided grants and loans to officers to enroll in college and earn their degrees. This infusion of money created a large incentive for institutions to develop academic programs geared toward law enforcement. As police officers began to return to or enter college, some institutions created accelerated or nontraditional programs in criminal justice. Officers could receive credit for experience in related courses and some courses were configured so officers did not have to meet as often as traditional courses. These types of programs were usually administered through the college’s extension program. Today, many public and private institutions offer nontraditional programs that are delivered in the online or e-learning format. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, in the 2000-2001 academic year, forty-eight percent of all four-year Title IV8 degree granting public institutions and thirty-three percent of four-year Title IV degree granting private institutions had degree programs for undergraduates that were to be completed totally through distance learning.9 Today there are an abundance of distance learning programs being marketed to police officers, especially online programs. The flexibility of the course schedule makes it attractive to busy students. Police officers can do their course work when it is convenient for them and some courses are designed to  be completed at the student’s own pace. Many departments have made strides in requiring some college education as a prerequisite for hiring but most have not. The high school diploma still exists as the most common minimum educational requirement. Even where departments have not required a college degree for hiring, many require or make it desirable to possess a degree for promotion. As early as 1989, the benefits to having educated officers were noted to include:10 †¢ Greater knowledge of procedures, functions, and principles †¢ Better appreciation of their professional role and it’s importance in the criminal justice system as well as in society †¢ More desirable psychological make-up, which includes such qualities as alertness, empathy, flexibility, initiative, and intelligence †¢ Greater range of interpersonal skills centered in their ability to communicate, to be responsive to others, and to exercise benevolent leadership †¢ Greater ability to analyze situations, to exercise discretion independently, and to make judicious decisions †¢ Strong moral character, which reflects a sense of conscience and the qualities of honesty, reliability, and tolerance †¢ More desirable system of personal values consistent with the police function in a democratic society Even back in 1978, though, researchers expressed reservations about the quality of criminal justice programs. The rapid increase in program offerings seemed to make some institutions gear their courses more vocationally than academically. Some recommendations were made to overcome what was perceived as major quality problems in college programs developed for police officers. In addition to perceived quality problems in criminal justice programs, there was a concern that police officers would take college courses just to get the degree. In 1979, Goldstein stated, â€Å"The factor that makes the whole movement toward college education for police personnel most vulnerable to attack is the emphasis which has been put on the acquisition of college credentials without sufficient concern for what is to be learned. Given the multitude of colleges and the number of people who attend them, the degree itself reflects little about the values or relevance of the educational experience.†11 Clearly, the need to ensure that a college program is delivering the appropriate academic curriculum is  critical. In the past, an officer attended a local school and it was more than likely regionally accredited. Today, online colleges can market themselves across the United States or even internationally, claiming accreditation from some official sounding group. Accreditation, curriculum, and instructor competence are all of critical importance in a college program. More than a decade ago, researchers articulated considerations that would be relevant as one considers the potential quality of an educational program. The recommendations included:12 †¢ No college credit should be given for police academy and similar training †¢ Technical and professional police subjects should be limited to a maximum of twenty-five percent of any curriculum †¢ A four-year baccalaureate degree should be the minimum educational qualification for entry into police service †¢ No one should be considered qualified to be a faculty member on the basis of experience alone †¢ Police education faculty should be held to the same standards as other college professors (i.e. Ph.D., master’s degree minimum; involvement in research and publication) These issues among others were discussed by a group of criminal justice related experts who were brought together in a nominal group setting to discuss online education and its potential effect on the future of law enforcement. The Nominal Group Panel As part of a California Peace Officer Standards and Training Command College project, a panel of interested professionals was formed to discuss future trends and events that may have an effect on law enforcement online educational programs in the next five years. It consisted of a Chief of Police of a medium sized police department, a professor who teaches online courses for a major public university and at a local community college, a deputy district attorney, a police officer who is a former high school teacher, a police officer who is a member of the executive board for a police officers association, the criminal justice program coordinator for the local community college, the editor of the local weekly newspaper, and a  counselor for a youth diversion program. There was consensus among the panel members that it is important for police officers to have a college education, and to possess the appropriate degree. The panel felt that a college education earned the traditional way (attending classes at a brick and mortar institution) was the best preparation for a person to be a police officer. The discussion included many of the issues published by researchers and criminal justice practitioners since the 1930’s. The panel felt it was critical for police officers to be socialized with diversified groups of people and exposed to differing viewpoints. The requisite skills of tact and diplomacy learned in a physically social environment, effective public speaking, and command presence are attributes that are learned and reinforced in a traditional educational setting. The panel recognized it may be difficult for a police officer to pursue a traditional degree due to family and work obligations. So what is this officer to do? Many of the officers returning to college or entering college for the first time have turned to online college programs. The panel concluded the flexibility of online educational programs was a tremendous opportunity for current police officers due to the demands of their course schedule. They also understood there was a proliferation of programs being marketed to police officers through police websites or law enforcement related magazines. Legitimate accreditation was a key concern about such programs. The panel members expressed that testing-retained knowledge could be problematic since testing is done in the same delivery format as coursework, and all tests were essentially open book. With regard to the value of such programs, panel members believed that a college degree earned through online programs was different than a college degree earned traditionally. The panel believed that criminal justice practitioners were overused in criminal justice programs especially in online programs. Their concern was the overall value of the college degree since true academic professors were not doing the teaching. They felt that for some disciplines, such as engineering, mathematics or history, an online program was sufficient. But when it came to being a police officer, class attendance and contact with other students face-to-face was preferred. The panel agreed, however, that much of what is done in a traditional setting could be done  online, such as submittal of written reports or studies and coursework assignments. The panel also felt that too much academic credit was given for experience in police work through online programs. The panel felt that rather than rely on a purely online program for an officer to obtain a four-year undergraduate degree, a cross or hybrid approach, with a traditional program could bring the desired benefits of both delivery methods. The Educational Hybrid Amy Fanter, a researcher in the field of hybrid education, noted that â€Å"Hybrid instruction, or hybrid courses refer to classes where there is a carefully planned blend of both traditional classroom instruction and online learning activities.†13 According to criminal justice researchers and practitioners (and supported by the expert panel) the most effective collegiate preparation for police officers are settings inclusive of a social environment. They should be exposed to other racial, ethnic, and diverse groups in an arena where ideas are broached, concepts discussed, and conflict is resolved through dialogue, research, and consensus. Many components of any particular course can be done using the online system (such as writing book reports, completing written requirements and posting of thoughts on issues). If a class was required to meet for a certain amount of time every week or every two weeks, or even once a month to be tested on retained knowledge, to be challenged by other students on stances taken on issues, to participate by speaking about issues, and so on, then the socializing of the officer can be effectively satisfied. No matter how effective, a distance learning program not offering this option will impact skills that might only be gained in this type of setting. Using a hybrid approach for coursework would allow for the flexibility of online educational programs and meet the some of the critical benefits of traditional programs. Those that may advocate for pure e-learning should remain mindful of the â€Å"soft skills† necessary for the modern law enforcement officer, and the best opportunities to acquire them. Conclusion The desire for a police officer to have a college education appears settled.  National commissions, criminal justice professional associations, academicians, attorneys, and courts have all expressed this view. The question remains; how does the individual peace officer best do it? Attending the traditional college program at a brick and mortar campus seems to be the preferred way. This method may not be practical for some officers, so the alternative of the hybrid approach should be considered. It blends many of the positives from both traditional and online programs. Certainly, there may be situations where even a hybrid approach is not practical. It seems Vollmer and many others would support an online program to gain at least the concepts and critical thinking skills a collegiate education offers. Progressive police agencies may take the lead to shape their future by entering into a partnership with a local public or private institution to develop a hybrid program to be implemented for their staff. In any case, police management should encourage officers and employees to return to college to earn their four-year degree. The result will be better staff and officers, and a better chance to meet the needs of today and tomorrow. ENDNOTES 1 Bueermann, Jim, â€Å"Redlands, California,† The Police Chief, August 2006, accessed February 1, 2007, available at www.policechiefmagazine.org 2 Bowman, Theron, â€Å"The Chief’s Perspective: Demolishing the Recruitment Myth,† The Police Chief, August 2006, accessed February 1, 2007, available at www.policechiefmagazine.org 3 Travis, Jeremy, â€Å"Education in Law Enforcement: Beyond the College Degree.† An address presented to the Center for Research in Law and Justice, Chicago, February 10, 1995, accessed December 19, 2006, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/speeches/police.htm 4 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 1 5 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 4 6 Coons, Jeffrey, â€Å"Studies, Case Law, Quotes, Standards and Trends in Support of College Education for Police Officers.† An Information Paper for the Police Association for College Education, March 18, 2004, Accessed August 18, 2007, available at www.police-association.org 7 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 1 8 An institution that may participate in most Title IV federal student financial assistance programs, National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 9, 2007, available at http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/glossary/index.asp?id=465 9 â€Å"Distance Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions: 2000-2001.† National Center for Education Statistics, accessed Sept 9, 2007, available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003017.pdf 10 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 10-11 11 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 24 12 Carter, David, Sapp, Allen, and Stephens, Darrel, The State of Police Education: Policy Direction for the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C., 1989) 27 13 Fanter, Amy, â€Å"Hybrid Education: The Future of Instructional Models.,† World Wide Learn, accessed September 9, 2007, available at http://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-articles/hybrid-education.html

Introduction to Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Political Science - Essay Example After the Civil Rights legislation, they could now study with the whites in the same schools. A third case is where the African Americans could now dine in the same hotels with the whites. It was after the efforts of African American scholars from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College that the Civil Rights law of the 60’s implemented that all restaurants would serve all races. These four students were Jibreel Khazan, Joseph McNeil, David Richmond, and Franklin McCain. A fourth case is where the African Americans were granted equal voting rights as the whites. After the civil rights of the 60’s African Americans were allowed to exercise their democratic rights of voting. A final case is where the African Americans were allowed to join and form political parties. This was a crucial step of improving their influence (Patterson 45). Separate But Equal Law and Brown, V. Board Of Education The court ruled out the separate but equal law because it promoted segregat ion. Segregation refers to the refutation of equal protection of the law. The Supreme Court thought that it was inappropriate to separate African American children from others just because of their race. They thought that it would be fair if all children were treated as equals before the law. ... The impact is bigger when it has the approval of the law. This is because the rule of separating the races is understood as signifying the weakness of the Negro group (Patterson 151). How people measure public opinion amongst the electorate in the United States The fundamental processes that seem to influence the public’s opinion on government policies reveal restrictions to democracy. Other obstructions and influences are at work, and government policies and actions fall short of what the public needs, even as the government moves in the desired paths. Thus, as critics have stated, the public is partly sovereign. In addition, critics have listed many normative prospects of keeping basic rights and freedoms, the rule of law and discussions regarding the degree to which public opinion is controlled by political leaders and the facts that leaders and the media offer. This is so that public opinion meets the minimum standard of rationality or quality as a vital contribution to th e policymaking procedure (Patterson 374). Although these factors have been researched and discussed, more work and thought, for instance, is still required regarding the bounds and circumstances that the U.S government can momentarily encroach on rights and freedoms in the countrywide interest. Furthermore, with regard to the capabilities required of the public in a democracy, philosophers and political theorists have not fully wrestled with this problem. It has drawn on present and enduring empirical study of how people measure public opinion amongst the electorate in the United States. How the Political Values of the American Citizens are Formed The thoughts that American Citizens